Porch Monkey looking for banana kills in Rodgers Park

A 16-year-old boy killed in a drive-by shooting in Rogers Park has connections to a local rapper that was killed in 2012.

It happened at about 2:40 a.m. Tuesday on the 7600 block of north Ashland Avenue.

Police say the boy was walking on the sidewalk when one or more person in a gray mini-van opened fire.

The boy has been identified as Kenos Glass.

The shooting happened just east of the Stephen F. Gale Math and Science Academy, and about three blocks from the Howard station on the CTA’s Red Line.

This is a developing story – check back for details.

Sarges history:WWII Code Talker gets honored

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Chester Nez receives an American flag from Pfc. Tiffany Boyd, at Code Talker Hall, Marine Corps Base Quantico, Va., April 4, 2014. The flag was flown over the Marine Corps War Memorial, on the first day of spring in honor of Cpl. Nez's attendance at the Platoon 382 Hall rededication. Cpl. Nez is the last of the original 29 Navajo Code Talkers of World War II.
As 1942 dawned, World War II was not going well for America and her Allies. Japanese carrier-borne bombers and fighters had crippled the U.S. Navy's proud Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941; attacked American bases in the Philippines and on Guam; and were intent on seizing other island bases in the south and central Pacific. In Europe, France had fallen to Germany's blitzkrieg, and stalwart Britain was still staggering from the Nazis' relentless nighttime bombing during the previous year.

Half a world away, two great British ships — the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse — and members of their crews lay at the bottom of the sea off the coast of Malaya, unfortunate victims of Japanese bombing attacks on December 10, 1941. Meanwhile, Germany's armies continued to advance methodically into the Soviet Union, while Hitler's submarines wreaked havoc on supply convoys outbound to Russian ports from the United States.
For the U.S. Armed Forces, communications, which had always been a complex issue, had now become a bewildering problem. Japanese cryptographers were proving themselves amazingly adept at breaking top secret military codes almost as rapidly as newer, more complicated procedures could be devised. Many of the Japanese code breakers had been educated in the United States where they had learned to speak English and had become familiar with American colloquialisms, including slang terms and profanity. As a result, American battle plans became known to the enemy almost immediately, often before they had become operational, and there appeared to be no immediate workable solution. The result was an appalling loss of American lives. One war analyst commented, 'Military communications were made available to the enemy like sand sifting through a sieve.' Some months before, Philip Johnston, a middle-aged civil engineer who lived in Los Angeles, read a newspaper article on military security. During World War I, he had served with U.S. forces in France, and although too old to fight in World War II, Johnston wanted to aid the current war effort in some way. From the age of four, he had lived on the Navajo Indian Reservation, where his parents were Protestant missionaries, and had consequently grown up speaking the Navajo tongue with his playmates. Now, as he read, the concept of a secret military code based on the Navajo language flashed across his mind.

In February 1942, after formulating his idea, Johnston traveled south to Camp Elliott near San Diego, where he tried to convince Lieutenant Colonel James E. Jones, the Marines' Signal Corps Communications Officer, that a code based on the Navajo language could not be broken by the enemy. Jones, after listening intently to Johnston's idea, responded: 'In all the history of warfare, that has never been done. No code, no cipher is completely secure from enemy interception. We change our codes frequently for this reason.' But Johnston's graphic presentation proved so convincing that the two men agreed to set up a test.

Johnston's confidence in his theory lay in the fact that the Navajo language includes a number of words that, when spoken with varying inflections, may have as many as four totally different meanings. Navajo verb forms are especially complex. To most listeners, the language is virtually incomprehensible and has been variously likened to the rumble of a moving freight train, the gurgling noises of a partially blocked sink drain, or, jokingly, the resonant thunder of an old-fashioned commode being flushed. As a result, use of the Navajo tongue was confined almost entirely to the reservation; few non-Navajos spoke or understood it. And it was a 'hidden language,' there not yet being an alphabet or written form for others to study.

Returning to Los Angeles, Johnston spent nearly two weeks seeking bilingual Navajos from among that city's population. On February 28, 1942, he returned to Camp Elliott with four Indians in order to prove their linguistic capability before a group of skeptical Marine staff officers. Sent in pairs to separate rooms, the first two Navajos were given a typical military field order to transmit in their own language to the others several doors away. When retranslated back into English, the message received by the second pair proved to be an accurate copy of the order as it was given. The Marines were amazed at the speed and accuracy of the interpretation, and the presentation was pronounced a complete success.

Major General Clayton Vogel, Camp Elliott's commanding officer, composed an urgent letter — supported by another from Johnston — describing the demonstration to the Marine Corps commandant in Washington, D.C., and urging the immediate recruitment of two hundred young, well-educated Navajos to serve as Marine communications specialists. After an agonizing delay, General Vogel was authorized by Washington to recruit just thirty Navajos for training in a trial project. The commandant of the Marine Corps, unwilling to risk turning over such a vital element of the war effort to a civilian and two hundred Navajo Indians, reasoned that if a program using the thirty men did not work out, the Marines would not have expended too much time and effort.

By mid-April, Marine recruiting personnel appeared on the Navajo Reservation. They proceeded to enlist thirty volunteers from agency schools at Fort Wingate and Shiprock, New Mexico, and Fort Defiance, Arizona. In addition to being fluent in both the Navajo tongue and English, each enlistee had to be physically fit in order to serve as a messenger in combat. The Navajos were told only that they would be'specialists' and would serve both in the United States and overseas. Some members of the group were underage, but as birth records were not usually kept on the reservation, it was easy for a recruit to lie or be mistaken about his age. Carl Gorman, a 36-year-old Navajo from Fort Defiance, was too old to be considered by the Marines, so he lied about his age in order to be accepted.

For almost all of the Navajos, travel was a brand new experience. Some had never been off the reservation, and many had never ridden on a bus or train. The majority of them had never seen an ocean and did not realize that they would soon be a part of the ferocious war being fought in the middle of the Pacific. Several of the recruits' families insisted that before leaving, their sons participate in a religious ceremony to pray for the young men's safe return.

The group of Navajos who reported for basic training at the San Diego Marine Corps Recruit Depot had never experienced any sort of military discipline, and several found it difficult to cope with their new lifestyle. Although now officially designated the 382nd Platoon, U.S. Marine Corps, at boot camp, the group was referred to as 'The Navajo School.'

Following their basic training, the Navajo Marines were moved to Camp Pendleton at Oceanside, California, where their new officers were quick to realize that these young men were, in some ways, different from those with whom they were used to dealing. But the Navajos learned to march in cadence, obey orders, and keep their quarters scrupulously clean. On one occasion, during a dress parade on a particularly hot day, several non-Indian Marines passed out from the heat, while all of the Navajos, who hailed from the hot climate of the Southwest, remained erect in formation and stood at attention during the personal inspection that followed.

One writer for the Marine Corps Chevron reported that 'At present they're a typical Marine outfit of budding specialists. They gripe about the things that all Marines gripe about — liberty, chow and the San Diego weather.' In short, the Navajos were rapidly shaping up into excellent Leathernecks.

At Camp Pendleton, the Navajos, in addition to their other duties, were required to devise a new Marine Corps military code which, when transmitted in their own language, would completely baffle their Japanese enemies. The code's words had to be short, easy to learn, and quick to recall. After working long and hard on the project, the men devised a two-part code. The first part, a 26-letter phonetic alphabet, used Navajo names for 18 animals or birds, plus the words ice for I, nut for N, quiver for Q, Ute for U, victor for V, cross for X, yucca for Y, and zinc for Z. The second part consisted of a 211-word English vocabulary and the Navajo equivalents. This code, when compared with conventional Marine Corps codes, offered considerable savings in time, since the latter involved lengthy encoding and deciphering procedures by Signal Corps cryptographic personnel using sophisticated electronic equipment.

Exactly how the Navajos did their job remained a mystery to many Marine Corps staff officers. However, their proficiency, both under training conditions and later in actual combat, proved that the Navajos were completely reliable and erased the initial distrust felt by some Marine officers.

Several of the Navajos remained in California as instructors; two became recruiters; and one did not complete the course. The remainder of the original contingent reported for combat duty in August 1942 to Major General Alexander Vandegrift's First Marine Division on Guadalcanal. The general became so impressed by the code talkers' performance that he requisitioned Washington for 83 additional Navajos to be assigned to his division alone. By the time the Guadalcanal campaign ended that December, General Vandegrift had no doubt about the Navajos' dependability.

Meanwhile, a second, much larger contingent of Navajos had been recruited and sent to boot camp in San Diego. Following completion of their basic training, the men were assigned to the top-secret code-talker program at Camp Pendleton. By August 1943, nearly two hundred young Navajos had been trained at the camp. The staff sergeant in charge of the code-talker program there was Philip Johnston, who, although overage for duty with the Marines, had volunteered his services.

In jungle combat in the Pacific, the Navajos' innate strength, ingenuity, scouting and tracking ability, habitual Spartan lifestyle, and utter disregard for hardships stood them in remarkably good stead. At first utilized usually only at the company-battalion level, the Navajos became virtually indispensable as their capability and reliability were recognized.

Frequently, and especially when a Marine regiment was fighting alongside an Army unit, the Navajos' physical resemblance to the Japanese led to confusion that resulted in several Navajos almost becoming casualties of 'friendly fire' by their fellow-Americans. Many Navajos actually were captured and taken for interrogation. One such Navajo, William McCabe, was looking for something to eat while waiting on a Guadalcanal beach for his transport ship. 'I got lost among the big chow dump,' he recalled, 'All of a sudden I heard somebody say, `Halt,' and I kept walking. `Hey, you! Halt, or I'm gonna shoot!'. . . . [T]here was a big rifle all cocked and ready to shoot. I'm just from my outfit, I was coming here to get something to eat. And he said, `I think you're a Jap. Just come with me." After that incident, McCabe was accompanied by a non-Navajo at all times.

On the eve of the First Marine Division's departure for the island of Okinawa, which was expected to be the bloodiest landing of the Pacific War thus far, the Navajos performed a sacred ceremonial dance that invoked their deities' blessings and protection for themselves and their fellow Americans. They prayed that their enemies' resistance might prove weak and ineffectual. Some of their non-Indian buddies, standing on the sidelines, scoffed at the whole idea. When Ernie Pyle, the famed Scripps-Howard war correspondent, reported the story afterward, he noted that the landings on Okinawa beach had indeed proved much easier than had been anticipated and noted that several of the Navajos were quick to point this out to the skeptics in their units.

Farther inland, however, Japanese resistance stiffened, almost slowing the American advance to a halt. As might be expected, a Navajo was asked by another Marine with whom he shared a foxhole what he thought of his prayers now. 'This,' the Navajo replied, 'is completely different. We only prayed for help during the landings.'

Eventually, Navajo code talkers served with all six Marine divisions in the Pacific and with Marine Raider and parachute units as well. Praise for their work became lavish and virtually endless as they participated in major Marine assaults on the Solomons, the Marianas, Peleliu, and Iwo Jima.

Commenting on the Marines' Iwo Jima landing, Major Howard Conner, the Fifth Marine Division's Signal Officer, said that 'The entire operation was directed by Navajo code. . . . During the two days that followed the initial landings I had six Navajo radio nets working around the clock. . . . They sent and received over 800 messages without an error. Were it not for the Navajo Code Talkers, the Marines never would have taken Iwo Jima.'

On an August evening in 1945, the Navajos were, quite naturally, among the first to receive the news that everyone had been waiting to hear. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki three days later, Emperor Hirohito had urged the Japanese nation to 'endure the unendurable' of surrender. The war was over.

In all, 421 Navajos had completed wartime training at Camp Pendleton's code talker school, and most had been assigned to combat units overseas. Following Japan's formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, several code talkers volunteered for duty with U.S. occupation forces in Japan. Others were sent to China for duty with American Marines there. One code talker, Willson Price, remained in the Marine Corps for thirty years, finally retiring in 1972.

Several months elapsed before the first Navajos returned from the Pacific to their homes. For most of the returning heroes, their homecoming initiated a round of family reunions and purification rites, traditional dances, and curing ceremonies, all coupled with their mothers' thankful prayers for their sons' return, safe in both body and mind. These ages-old Navajo religious rites had originally been adopted to protect returnees from any harmful or toxic influences they might have encountered or duties they had been forced to perform while away from the reservation. But there was surprisingly little evidence of serious psychological problems or combat fatigue among the returning Navajo veterans.

For many of them, however, returning to reservation life proved difficult after their years away. They missed the excitement, the challenges, and especially the privileges they had grown accustomed to in the service. Some of the men rejoined the same Bureau of Indian Affairs' high school classes from which they had originally been recruited. Others enrolled in various colleges or universities under the G.I. Bill.

For Teddy Draper, Sr., on occupational duty in Japan, there was no such immediate problem. During his off-duty hours, he learned to speak Japanese so well that he eventually served as an interpreter. He later commented: 'When I was going to boarding school [before the war], the U.S. government told us not to speak Navajo, but during the war, they wanted us to speak it!' He remembered thinking that 'if I can get back to the reservation safely, I want to become a Navajo language teacher and educate young Navajos.' His wartime training had given him new insight into modern teaching methods, which he later used to teach other Navajos at home.

But for most of the men who wished to marry and raise families, there were severe problems. Jobs were scarce; in fact, there were none to be had on the reservation. Many banks refused to make G.I. loans even to honorably discharged veterans because Navajo families held their reservation land parcels in trust and had no proof of title. The men felt, with considerable justification, that it was a shameful way for their government to treat them. But, as one veteran code talker remarked, 'We've faced difficult situations before, and tough trails have never defeated us! Somehow the Navajos survived.'

Almost a quarter of a century elapsed before the Fourth Marine Division honored its Navajo code talkers at its June 1969 annual reunion in Chicago. An attractive medallion, struck by the Franklin Mint in commemoration of their services, was presented to each of the group of twenty veteran code talkers who had flown to Chicago for the occasion. To show its appreciation, the division entertained the men in sumptuous style, and the Navajos, many dressed in their best tribal regalia, marched with the Fourth Marines down Michigan Avenue.

Today, a few veteran code talkers still take part in holiday parades, though some must now ride in open convertibles. Several code talkers have held the Navajo Nation's top executive positions, both as chairman and vice-chairman, while others served on its Tribal Council. Fittingly enough, the men also have their own fraternity — the Navajo Code Talkers' Association — which meets regularly at Window Rock, Arizona, the Navajo Nation's capital.

In December 1971, President Richard M. Nixon presented the Navajo code talkers with a certificate of appreciation from the nation, thanking them for their 'patriotism, resourcefulness, and courage.' Those brave veterans had given the Marine Corps its only unbreakable means of battlefield communication, saving thousands of American lives in the process.

A Japanese general admitted after World War II that the most highly skilled Japanese cryptographers had not been able to decipher the Marines' messages. After being informed that it was a code based on a Native American language, he said: 'Thank you, that is a puzzle I thought would never be solved.

Agent Orange A chemical used in Viet Nam Haunts us to this day almost 40 years later

Approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides were used in Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 to remove unwanted plant life and leaves which otherwise provided cover for enemy forces during the Vietnam Conflict.  Shortly following their military service in Vietnam, some veterans reported a variety of health problems and concerns which some of them attributed to exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides. 

The Department of Veterans Affairs has developed a comprehensive program to respond to these medical problems and concerns.  The principal elements of this program include quality healthcare services, disability compensation for veterans with service-connected illnesses, scientific research and outreach and education. 

About 3 million Americans served in the armed forces in Vietnam and nearby areas during the 1960s and early 1970s, the time of the Vietnam War. During that time, the military used large amounts of mixtures known as defoliants, which are chemicals that cause the leaves to fall off plants. One of these defoliants was Agent Orange, and some troops were exposed to it. Many years later, questions remain about the lasting health effects of those exposures, including increases in cancer risk.

This article offers a brief overview of the link between Agent Orange and cancer. It does not offer a complete review of all evidence – it is meant to be a brief summary. It also includes some information on benefits for which Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange may be eligible.

During the Vietnam War, US military forces sprayed millions of gallons of herbicides (plant-killing chemicals) on lands in Vietnam, Laos, and other nearby areas to remove forest cover, destroy crops, and clear vegetation from the perimeters of US bases. This effort, known as Operation Ranch Hand, lasted from 1962 to 1971.

Different mixes of herbicides were used, but most were mixtures of 2 chemicals that were phenoxy herbicides:

• 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
• 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)

Each mixture was shipped in a chemical drum marked with an identifying colored stripe. The most widely used mixture contained equal parts 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Because this herbicide came in drums with orange stripes, it was called Agent Orange. Today, Agent Orange refers generally to all the phenoxy herbicides sprayed at the time. (Other types of herbicides were also used, including cacodylic acid and picloram.)

The 2,4,5-T in Agent Orange was contaminated with small amounts of dioxins, which were created unintentionally during the manufacturing process. Dioxins are a family of dozens of related chemicals. They can form during the making of paper and in some other industrial processes. The main dioxin in Agent Orange, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, is one of the most toxic.

After a study in 1970 found that 2,4,5-T could cause birth defects in lab animals, the use of 2,4,5-T in Vietnam was stopped. A year later, all military herbicide use in Vietnam ended. During the 1970s, some veterans returning from Vietnam began to report skin rashes, cancer, psychological symptoms, birth defects in their children, and other health problems. Some veterans were concerned that Agent Orange exposure might have contributed to these problems. These concerns eventually led to a series of scientific studies, health care programs, and compensation programs directed to the exposed veterans.

A large class-action lawsuit was filed in 1979 against the herbicide manufacturers, and was settled out of court in 1984. It resulted in the Agent Orange Settlement Fund, which distributed nearly $200 million to veterans between 1988 and 1996.

Although there is now quite a bit of evidence about the health effects of Agent Orange, many questions have not yet been answered.

How were people exposed to Agent Orange?

About 3 million people served in the US military in Vietnam during the course of the war, about 1.5 million of whom served during the period of heaviest herbicide spraying from 1967 to 1969.

In studies comparing Vietnam veterans with veterans who had served at the same time elsewhere, blood TCDD (dioxin) levels were found to be higher among those who had served in Vietnam, although these levels went down slowly over time.

Exposure to Agent Orange varied a great deal. Most of the large-scale spraying in Operation Ranch Hand was done with airplanes and helicopters. However, some herbicides were sprayed from boats or trucks, and some were applied by soldiers with backpack sprayers. Those who loaded airplanes and helicopters might have been exposed the most. Members of the Army Chemical Corps, who stored and mixed herbicides and defoliated the perimeters of military bases, probably also had some of the heaviest exposures. Others with potentially heavy exposures included members of Special Forces units who defoliated remote campsites, and members of Navy river units who cleared base perimeters.

Exposures could have occurred when the chemicals were breathed in, ingested in contaminated food or drink, or absorbed through the skin. Exposure may have been possible through the eyes or through breaks in the skin, as well.

One of the challenges in assessing the health effects of Agent Orange exposure has been determining how much any individual veteran was exposed to (or even what they were exposed to), as very little information of this type is available.

Does Agent Orange cause cancer?

Researchers use 2 main types of studies to try to determine if a substance or exposure causes cancer.

One type of study looks at cancer rates in different groups of people. Such a study might compare the cancer rate in a group exposed to a substance versus the rate in a group not exposed to it, or compare it to what the expected cancer rate would be in the general population. But studies of people can sometimes be hard to interpret, because other factors that are hard to account for might be affecting the results.

In studies done in the lab, animals are exposed to a substance (often in very large doses) to see if it causes tumors or other health problems. Researchers may also expose normal cells in a lab dish to the substance to see if it causes the types of changes that are seen in cancer cells. In these types of studies, other factors are easier to control for, but it’s not always clear if the results in lab dishes or animals would be the same in humans, for a number of reasons.

In most cases neither type of study provides definitive evidence on its own, so researchers usually look at both human and lab-based studies when trying to determine if something might cause cancer.

Studies in people

Studies of Vietnam veterans provide some of the most direct evidence of the health effects of Agent Orange exposure.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Air Force, and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have conducted studies in thousands of Vietnam veterans. However, most of these studies have been limited by the fairly small number of people who were highly exposed to Agent Orange. About a dozen states have also conducted studies of their veterans, and some of them have yielded cancer risk information. A series of studies of Australian Vietnam veterans has also provided some information on cancer risk.

Because of the limits of the Vietnam veteran studies, studies of 3 other groups have provided important information on the potential cancer-causing properties of Agent Orange exposure:

• Vietnamese soldiers and civilians exposed to the same herbicides as United States service personnel, often for more prolonged periods (although there have been few thorough health studies in these populations)
• Workers exposed to herbicides in other settings, such as herbicide manufacturing workers, herbicide applicators, farmers, lumberjacks, and forest and soil conservationists, who often had much higher blood dioxin levels than Vietnam veterans
• People exposed to dioxins after industrial accidents in Germany, Seveso (Italy), and California, and after chronic exposures at work and in the environment

Each of these groups differs from the Vietnam veterans in the characteristics of the people exposed, the nature of the dioxin exposures, and other factors such as diet and other chemical exposures.

Taken together, these studies have looked at possible links between Agent Orange (or dioxin) and a number of cancer types.

Soft tissue sarcoma: Most studies in Vietnam veterans have not found an increase in soft tissue sarcomas. However, soft tissue sarcomas have been linked to phenoxy herbicide exposure in a series of studies in Sweden and in some studies of industrially exposed workers. Many studies of farmers and agricultural workers show an increase in soft tissue sarcomas, which may relate to herbicide exposure. Soft tissue sarcomas have also been linked to dioxin exposure in some chemical manufacturing workers and in some other workplace studies.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Most studies of Vietnam veterans have not shown an increase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). But several studies have found a link between phenoxy herbicide exposure (usually on the job) and NHL. Some studies of farmers and agricultural workers also suggest this association, although not all studies have found such a link.

Hodgkin disease: Most studies of Vietnam veterans have not found an increase in Hodgkin disease. However, Hodgkin disease has been linked to phenoxy herbicide exposure in some other studies. Many studies of farmers and agricultural workers show an increase in Hodgkin disease, which may relate to herbicide exposure.

The link between Hodgkin disease and dioxin exposure specifically is less clear, as studies have given mixed results.

Lung and other respiratory cancers: Most studies of Vietnam veterans have not shown an increase in respiratory cancers, such as those of the lung, trachea (windpipe), and larynx (voice box). Most studies of people exposed to herbicides at work, such as herbicide manufacturing workers, herbicide applicators, and farmers have not found an excess risk of lung cancer.

Most studies of groups of people highly exposed to dioxin after industrial accidents have not found an increase in respiratory cancers. However, chronic exposures to high levels of dioxin in the workplace have been linked with increased risk of respiratory cancers in some studies.

Prostate cancer: Most studies of Vietnam veterans have not found an excess risk of prostate cancer, but results from a few studies have suggested a possible link. For example, a recent study in veterans found that exposure to Agent Orange was linked to an increased risk of developing more aggressive forms of prostate cancer.

Studies of other groups have also yielded mixed results. Most studies of people exposed to phenoxy herbicides at work do not show an excess of prostate cancer. However, some studies have found a small excess risk of prostate cancer related to dioxin exposure.

Multiple myeloma: Most studies of Vietnam veterans have had too few cases of multiple myeloma (a type of immune system cancer that affects the bones) to be helpful in determining if there is a risk.

However, other studies of people exposed to pesticides, herbicides, and/or dioxins have suggested a possible link. Several studies of farmers and agricultural workers have reported a small increase in risk of multiple myeloma, although some studies show no excess risk.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer: Cancers of the GI system – esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, and rectum – have been extensively studied in Vietnam veterans, groups with herbicide exposure in the workplace, and people exposed to dioxins. Most of these studies have not found a link between these exposures and any GI cancer.

Brain tumors: Most studies have not found a link between Vietnam service, workplace herbicide exposure, or dioxin exposure, and brain tumors.

Breast cancer: As most Vietnam veterans are men, in whom breast cancer is very rare, few studies have looked for possible links between Agent Orange and breast cancer. Some studies looking at exposure to dioxin in the workplace or from industrial accidents have noted a possible link, but others have not, so more research is needed in this area.

Other cancers: Few studies have looked at a possible link between Agent Orange exposure and other cancers, including cancers of the nose and nasopharynx (upper part of the throat), cervix, endometrium (uterus), ovaries, liver and bile ducts, bone, kidneys, bladder, testicles, or skin, or leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia (in veterans themselves, as opposed to their children).

Leukemia and other cancers in the children of veterans: A few studies have pointed to a possible link between a father’s exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides and leukemia in his children. But several other studies have not found links with leukemia or other childhood cancers.

Studies done in the lab

Herbicides such as 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D are not considered highly toxic compounds by themselves, and high doses are needed to cause effects in lab animals. These compounds have not been linked with cancer in animal studies.

In the lab, TCDD (dioxin) increases the risk of a wide variety of tumors in rats, mice, and hamsters. In lab dish studies, it has been shown to alter which genes are turned on or off and affect how cells divide and die, all of which could affect cancer risk.

What the expert agencies say

Several agencies (national and international) study different substances in the environment to determine if they can cause cancer. (A substance that causes cancer or helps cancer grow is called a carcinogen.) The American Cancer Society looks to these organizations to evaluate the risks based on evidence from laboratory, animal, and human research studies.

Some of these expert agencies have looked at whether Agent Orange or related compounds can cause cancer.

Institute of Medicine

Since 1994, the federal government has directed the Institute of Medicine (IOM), part of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), to issue reports every 2 years on the health effects of Agent Orange and similar herbicides. TitledVeterans and Agent Orange, the IOM reports assess the risk of both cancer and non-cancer health effects. Each health effect is categorized as having one of the following:

• Sufficient evidence of an association
• Limited/suggestive evidence of an association
• Inadequate/insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists
• Limited/suggestive evidence of no association

This framework provides a basis for government policy decisions in the face of uncertainty. As of the most recent update (2012), the links between Agent Orange exposure and cancer were designated as shown. (Note that this table shows only cancers. Other health effects are listed in the next section.)

IOM: Links Between Herbicides (Including Agent Orange) and Cancer

Sufficient evidence of an association
Soft tissue sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Hodgkin disease
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), including hairy cell leukemia and other chronic B-cell leukemias
Limited/suggestive evidence of an association
Respiratory cancers (lung, trachea, bronchus, larynx)
Prostate cancer
Multiple myeloma
Inadequate/insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists
Mouth, throat, and sinus cancers
Gastrointestinal cancers (esophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum)
Liver, gallbladder, and bile duct cancers
Bone and joint cancers
Skin cancers
Breast cancer
Female reproductive cancers (cervical, ovarian, endometrial, uterine sarcoma)
Testicular and penile cancers
Bladder cancer
Kidney cancer
Brain tumors
Cancers of endocrine glands (thyroid, thymus, etc.)
Leukemia (other than CLL and hairy cell leukemia)
Cancers at all other sites
Cancer (including leukemia) in the children of veterans

National Toxicology Program

The US National Toxicology Program (NTP), formed from parts of several government agencies, evaluates exposures that may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing).

The NTP has not classified the phenoxy herbicides, including Agent Orange, but it lists 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) as “known to be a human carcinogen.”

International Agency for Research on Cancer

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization (WHO). Its major goal is to identify causes of cancer.

IARC has not rated Agent Orange itself, but it classifies the phenoxy herbicides, including 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” It lists 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) as “known to be carcinogenic to humans.”

Environmental Protection Agency

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), an electronic database that has information on human health effects from exposure to substances in the environment. The EPA is now reviewing whether 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) is carcinogenic to humans.

(For more information on the classification systems used by the NTP, IARC, and EPA, see our document, Known and Probable Human Carcinogens.)

Does Agent Orange cause any other health problems?

Vietnam service, and Agent Orange exposure in particular, have also been studied for possible links to health problems other than cancer.

In its report Veterans and Agent Orange, the Institute of Medicine has looked at the possible link between exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides and several non-cancerous health conditions.

IOM: Links Between Herbicides (Including Agent Orange) and Other Health Effects

Sufficient evidence of an association
Chloracne
Limited/suggestive evidence of an association
Amyloidosis
Early-onset peripheral neuropathy
Parkinson disease
Porphyria cutanea tarda
High blood pressure
Stroke
Ischemic heart disease
Type 2 diabetes
Spina bifida in children of veterans

Chloracne is an acne-like rash caused by exposure to high levels of chlorine-containing chemicals.

Amyloidosis is a condition in which abnormal proteins build up in different tissues and organs in the body.

Early-onset peripheral neuropathy is a condition that starts soon (within a year) after exposure, in which damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord causes symptoms such as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a condition that can result in liver damage and blistering of the skin when exposed to light.

Spina bifida is a type of birth defect in which some of the bones of the spine do not form completely before birth.

Concerns have also been raised about other conditions in exposed veterans, including psychiatric illnesses and other nervous system problems, asthma, immune system disorders, digestive diseases, infertility, and birth defects other than spina bifida. According to the Institute of Medicine, there isn’t enough evidence at this time to determine if there is a link between these conditions and Agent Orange.

Benefits for exposed veterans

Vietnam veterans and those who served at certain other locations (such as Thailand or the Korean Demilitarized Zone) who were exposed to Agent Orange or other herbicides may be eligible for 3 kinds of benefits.

Because past Agent Orange exposure is hard to prove, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) presumes that all veterans who served in certain locations at certain times might have been exposed. For example, if a veteran served in Vietnam between 1962 and 1975 and becomes disabled with one of the conditions designated as Agent Orange-related, the VA classifies his or her disability as service-related. To learn more about who might be eligible for the benefits below, call the Department of Veterans Affairs at 1-800-749-8387 or visit their website at www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/militaryexposure.asp.

Agent Orange Registry health exam

The Agent Orange Registry is a program administered by the VA since 1978. Veterans who qualify and participate in this program receive free medical exams, lab tests, and specialty referrals if appropriate. Veterans are not required to enroll in the VA health care system to receive the registry exam.

Disability compensation

Disability compensation payments are available for veterans with service-related illnesses or illnesses that were incurred or aggravated by military service. The amount of the monthly payment is determined by the extent of disability.

The diseases considered related to Agent Orange exposure correspond closely to the conditions found by the IOM to have “sufficient” or “limited/suggestive” evidence of an association. The cancers on the list include:

• Hodgkin disease
• Multiple myeloma
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Prostate cancer
• Cancer of the lung, bronchus, larynx (voice box), or trachea (windpipe)
• Soft tissue sarcoma (other than osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, or mesothelioma)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and other chronic B-cell leukemias

Conditions other than cancer on this list include peripheral neuropathy, amyloidosis, chloracne, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, Parkinson disease, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Also included are spina bifida and certain other birth defects in the children of veterans.

Medical benefits

Some veterans qualify for medical care after being exposed to Agent Orange. The VA provides medical care at VA facilities, prescription medicines, and home health and hospice care to veterans with conditions linked with herbicide exposure in Vietnam. These include the cancers and other health conditions presumed to be Agent Orange-related, as listed before.

Veterans might want to check the VA web site (www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange) or their local VA hospitals for more information on any of these Agent Orange-related benefits.

Other things you can do for your health

Be sure your doctor knows if you have a history of Agent Orange exposure. Because of the possibility of excess cancer risk, your doctor may advise you to get cancer screening tests and to see your doctor promptly if you have suspicious symptoms.

Of course, veterans are at risk for many types of cancer just like everyone else, even if they have not been exposed to Agent Orange. You might be able to lower your risk of cancer (and other diseases) by quitting smoking, staying at a healthy weight, getting regular physical activity, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding exposure to other environmental carcinogens.

If you are concerned about past exposure to Agent Orange, you may want to join a support group online or through your local VA hospital. You might also want to consult an occupational and environmental medicine clinic. These clinics can help assess past exposures and any risk that may persist, and can recommend appropriate steps to help you protect your health. You can look for clinics near you by visiting the Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics at www.aoec.org.

To learn more

More information from your American Cancer Society

Here is more information you might find helpful. You also can order free copies of our documents from our toll-free number, 1-800-227-2345, or read them on our website, www.cancer.org.

Known and Probable Human Carcinogens

National organizations and websites

In addition to the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include*:

Department of Veterans Affairs
Toll-free number: 1-800-749-8387
Home page: www.va.gov
Information on Agent Orange: www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange

Vietnam Veterans of America
Toll-free number: 1-800-882-1316 (1-800-VVA-1316)
Home page: www.vva.org
Information on Agent Orange: www.vva.org/Committees/AgentOrange/index.html

Institute of Medicine
Home page: www.iom.edu
Veterans and Agent Orange - Update 2012: www.iom.edu/Reports/2013/Veterans-and-Agent-Orange-Update-2012.aspx

Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics
Website: www.aoec.org

*Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society

No matter who you are, we can help. Contact us anytime, day or night, for information and support. Call us at 1-800-227-2345 or visit www.cancer.org.

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs). 2011. Accessed at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=363&tid=63 on February 13, 2013.

Ansbaugh N, Shannon J, Mori M, Farris PE, Garzotto M. Agent Orange as a risk factor for high-grade prostate cancer.Cancer. 2013. Epub ahead of print May 13, 2013.

Chamie K, DeVere White RW, et al. Agent Orange exposure, Vietnam War veterans, and the risk of prostate cancer.Cancer. 2008;113:2464-2470.

Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); CASRN 1746-01-6. 2012. Accessed at www.epa.gov/iris/subst/1024.htm on February 14, 2013.

Frumkin H. Agent Orange and cancer: An overview for clinicians. CA Canc J Clin. 2003;53:245-255. Accessed at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.53.4.245/full on February 14, 2013.

Institute of Medicine, Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012. Washington: National Academies Press, 2013. Accessed at http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=18395 on January 27, 2014.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Supplement 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. 1987.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 100F. A Review of Human Carcinogens: Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. 2012. Accessed at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F.pdf on February 14, 2013.

Manuwald U, Velasco Garrido M, Berger J, et al. Mortality study of chemical workers exposed to dioxins: Follow-up 23 years after chemical plant closure. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69:636-642.

US Department of Health and Human Services. PReport on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. 2011. Accessed at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.pdf on February 13, 2013.

ublic Health Service, National Toxicology Program.

US Department of Veterans Affairs. Facts about Herbicides. Accessed at www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/basics.asp on February 13, 2013.

Warner M, Mocarelli P, Samuels S, et al. Dioxin exposure and cancer risk in the Seveso Women’s Health Study.Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1700-1705.

Chanute Air Force Base Is an environmental and health hazard

The United States Army decided in 1917 that East Central Illinois was the ideal location for its third training airfield to support the World War I effort. It intended Chanute Field (later renamed Chanute Air Force Base) to be a temporary installation. But like so many other government installations, it survived and grew, largely because it served a practical function. It was centrally located and had superior training officers and distinguished alumni. The temporary barracks of the 1930s became permanent during World War II.
In the early 1950s, Chanute AFB prepared tens of thousands of airmen for the Korean War. During the Vietnam War, it served as a training center. In the 1960s, as the Cold War heated up, it became home to the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile maintenance program and the Air Force’s fire training program, located in the center of the base and the southeast corner known as the “900 area” (named after the buildings’ addresses).
Military flight operations ceased in 1971 – an indication of Chanute’s waning strategic importance. The base almost closed in 1979, but the U.S. government decided to keep it open. Capital expansion projects were completed in the 1980s, costing taxpayers tens of millions of dollars. But these projects did not stop the Department of Defense in 1988 from listing Chanute as one of 17 bases to be closed. The base, having trained more than two million servicemen and women over the years, was decommissioned on Sept. 30, 1993 in the first round of DOD base closures designed to save the federal government money after the Cold War ended.
When Chanute was decommissioned, it took away the nearby village of Rantoul’s major economic driver. The base was the largest employer in Champaign County, second only to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
The Air Force downplayed the environmental contamination it was leaving behind and emphasized the “economic boom” that could happen if the base’s land was transferred to the town.
Former Mayor Katy Podagrosi told the crowd at Chanute’s closing ceremony that there’s “a new beginning in our community and redevelopment is on the way!” according to The Chanute Air Force Base 75 Year Pictorial History by Donald O. Weckhorst, published in 1992.

The economic boom never happened.

Top Air Force and Illinois officials, including members of the governor’s office, state environmental and local community leaders have been engaged in a cover-up of a major environmental threat from the long shuttered base. The local newspapers, the Rantoul Press and News-Gazette, rarely report on Chanute’s environmental contamination. No one wants to scare away possible investors or bear the cleanup costs. The responsible authorities downplay the problems even though Chanute’s closure has left Rantoul and the surrounding community an economic cripple. The motive for keeping news of Chanute’s toxic legacy quiet is simply part of a so far futile effort to attract so far non-existent business expansion.
Most area residents know Rantoul as the place where Chanute Air Force Base was located. Most of the former base’s 2,174 acres of land have been transferred to Rantoul, private businesses, and residential developments.
In the early 2000s, Rantoul unknowingly bought structures containing asbestos from the Air Force and burned the buildings without remediating the problem. The village paid fines to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The Air Force numerous times tried to sell land to Rantoul without remedying the environmental problems and also constantly fought the village and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on what areas to study or cleanup.
The village and its residents would like to think Chanute does not concern them anymore – that the old military installation is a withering relic of a bygone age. But Chanute’s toxic legacy is still seriously threatening the health of those who remain in the area.
Eyewitness testimony, coupled with countless federal and state documents, show Chanute Air Force Base still has massive chemical contamination with continuing polluted ground water migration. There is also an indication the ground water contaminants have seeped a mile or so south of the base’s property lines, polluting several private wells with carcinogenic dioxin. These wells soon might also be threatened by trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent used by the military to degrease metal.
In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) — commonly known as Superfund — to investigate how chemicals were used, stored, and disposed of in past and present procedures to see how these practices negatively impacted the local environment. The Superfund program involves some of the most contaminated sites, usually at dumps, former military bases or closed industrial facilities. Chanute, like hundreds of U.S. military bases around the world, ceased operations to save the federal government money and also to limit the environmental contamination (euphemistically termed footprint by the armed forces) the military produced with the chemicals utilized during base activities.

One hundred and twenty-four U.S. military bases have been decommissioned during five rounds of closures. More than 130 bases are Superfund sites. The law stated liability for any chemical and environmental contamination occurring during or from base operations would fall on DOD. Almost every major military base has a Superfund site with TCE and other contamination, but by design or omission, the Chanute Air Force Base did not receive that designation. As a result, the area’s ground water supply is threatened by dangerous chemicals seeping into a creek, a manmade lake and several aquifers that provide water to the region.During the George W. Bush administration, the DOD claimed victory over the EPA. Under President Bush, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget mediated the EPA and Air Force dispute and ruled in favor of the Air Force in 2003. The Base Realignment and Closure Cleanup Team (BCT) signed an agreement to have Chanute cleaned up by Oct. 1, 2005, or be placed on the NPL. That date has come and gone, but Chanute has not been either cleaned up or placed on the NPL.

These buildings are in the 900 area, where there is documentation of TCE spills with numerous volatile organic compounds in the soil and groundwater. These are some of the most contaminated buildings at Chanute.

Chanute’s TCE soil and ground water contamination was worse than expected after the Air Force won the NPL decision. Polluted sites include a TCE pit, spills at Buildings 747, 975 and 995 and a couple hangars, and extensive ground water contamination in the 900 area. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) shows “TCE (and its breakdown products such as 1,2-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride) as the only contaminant that warranted further evaluation. This decision was based on the frequency and magnitude of measured concentrations and the proximity of TCE ground water plumes to the former base boundary” from 2000-2007 data samples.
The ASTDR collected samples from the Illionian aquifer (more than 60 feet below ground surface to 140 feet) with 54 samples from 15 monitoring wells from 2000 and 2004. TCE was “detected in 5 of 15 wells, but was not detected at above 1 part per billion (ibid). TCE in the Wisconsinan aquifer (10 to 35 feet below ground surface), however, was found above 5 parts per billion at five sites on the base’s northern boundary and dozens at the 900 area (ibid). ATSDR stated the TCE plumes “do pose a health concern for the future that require future monitoring of plume movement” to prevent it from moving to private wells south of Chanute (ASTDR page 62).
TCE was found in the ground water under the laundry mat that was by Lincoln’s Challenge Academy, a half-year program started right after the base closed where troubled urban youth go to straighten up their lives and get their GED degree. The laundry mat was demolished in 2011.
TCE was detected in surface water and sediment at Salt Fork Creek in three of 14 samples with 59 ppb the maximum reading.
According to the ASTDR report, based on ground water flow and sources of ground water contamination, “ATSDR identified the landfills in the southeastern portion of CAFB as possible sources of groundwater contamination that flow beyond site boundaries and impact private drinking water wells” and TCE had a toxic plume of 110,000 parts per billion in the Wisconsinan aquifer.
Besides ground water and soil contamination, other toxic concerns are the enormous White Hall (at 500,000 square feet) and the steam plant at the base’s center. Both buildings are vacant and contain asbestos, mold, standing ground water and other possible pollutants. These buildings need to be razed and demolished. Some of their glass windows are broken, so vapor from volatile organic chemicals can seep out into the air.
These large structures are near residential areas and Grissom Hall, where, in addition to the public museum, Rantoul residents attend theatre productions.

Agent Orange at Chanute

US Army APC spraying Agent Orange in Vietnam

Admiral Elmo Zumwalt Jr., who authorized the use of Agent Orange, a herbicide, in Vietnam to defoliate the jungles, lost his son, Lieutenant Elmo Zumwalt III, to leukemia. Zumwalt believed his son’s death was a direct result of that order. His testimony to Congress on March 5, 1990 became known as the Zumwalt Report. The admiral stated it was irresponsible to chronically ill veterans and their families for the federal government to continue denying Agent Orange’s toxicity.
In June 2013, a former airman named Michael Glasser visited the Rantoul Press (the town’s weekly newspaper owned by The News-Gazette Inc. media company that owns nine newspapers and three radio stations in East Central Illinois) to discuss his concerns about Chanute’s dire environmental situation.
Glasser, who now lives in South Florida and drove more than 1,200 miles to Rantoul, served at Chanute from 1963-64 as a young man. The young Glasser was part of the entomology department, where he sprayed herbicides and pesticides to control weeds and pests.
Glasser said he sprayed the phenoxyacetic herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on base, and frequently mixed them. Glasser said this toxic mixture was not officially called Agent Orange when he served in 1963-64, but was the code word during the Vietnam War for servicemen to identify the chemical product by the orange strips on the barrels. On Monsanto’s website, it defines Agent Orange as a 50/50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
Glasser also said he buried unused barrels of what would later be known as Agent Orange by Heritage Lake, a former sludge pit by the four landfills in the 900 area that became a manmade lake in 1984.
To prove his assertions, the 69-year-old veteran produced his veteran disability papers from the Department of Veterans Affairs Board of Veterans Appeals which states: “He has cancer of the bladder, prostate and urethra as a result of exposure to hazardous chemicals during his service” during his time at Chanute.
The document further states Glasser said he was exposed to “hazardous chemicals and used insecticides, such as DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane), malathion, diazinon, benzene, chlordane, proidine and Agent Orange.”
2,4,5-T and DDT are now banned from being used or produced in the United States by the U.S. EPA after medical studies demonstrated a connection between usage and chronic illnesses. Benzene is a known carcinogen. 2,4-D is still widely used, but has been linked to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma although the U.S. EPA in 2007 said existing data “do not support a link between human cancer and 2,4-D exposure.”
The Veteran Affairs surgeon representing Glasser said “prostate cancer is a service-connectable disease with Agent Orange exposure” and the board ruled that “there’s no evidence to the contrary, and the veteran’s treating VA surgeon is competent to provide such an opinion.”
Another veteran who lives in the area confirmed Glasser’s account of Agent Orange being used at Chanute, but declined to go on the record.

Paul Carroll is the Air Force’s overseer of Chanute’s cleanup and land transfer. Carroll continually says the Air Force is open to concerns, but he and others continually try to stifle the conversation.

The Chanute Restoration Advisory Board (RAB) is a public board that works in conjunction with the Air Force and Illinois EPA to approve Records of Decision and provide more information about cleanup activities or concerns to the public. At a quarterly meeting on Aug. 22, 2013, a board member named Doug Rokke said he had a source (Glasser) who said Agent Orange was used and buried at Chanute. Paul Carroll, the environmental coordinator for the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, and Chris Hill, the Illinois EPA project manager of Chanute, both said there have been other claims of Agent Orange usage and burial on the base, but maintained nothing has been found.
Air Force Denies Use of Agent Orange at Chanute
After the August meeting, this Rantoul Press reporter asked follow-up questions to Carroll and Hill. They did not answer. Instead, public relations coordinators Chad Starr (Air Force) and Andrew Mason (Illinois EPA) intervened. Both Starr and Mason denied phone interviews and only wanted to answer by email.
Starr on Aug. 23 denied that Agent Orange was used at Chanute. This reporter cited that the 1983 Installation Restoration Program of Chanute on page 72 stated, “During the 1960′s, four 55-gallon drums containing 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were buried in an on-base landfill.”
Starr wrote: “The document does not state ‘Agent Orange’ was disposed but does discuss the possibility, based on interviews with base personnel in or around 1983, that four 55-gallon drums of the two herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and/or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) may have been buried at Landfill 2 or Landfill 3.”
Monsanto made some of the herbicide for DOD. Monsanto’s own website says Agent Orange contains a 50/50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The chemical reaction creates the byproduct dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or TCDD), an extremely toxic chemical even in small dosages.
A March 13, 1984 letter from U.S. EPA’s Richard E. Bartelt to Air Force Major Paul D. Garcia stated “some concern is expressed about four drums of pesticides which were deposited in either Landfill No. 2 or No. 3. Locating the drums would undoubtedly be very difficult at this time. The health hazard of this toxic material is increased however by the fact of the high water table in the area. Some exploratory soundings for the drums appear to be indicated.” A March 7, 2006 U.S. EPA letter stated that there were elevated levels of dioxin in the southwest portion of Landfill 3′s soil. Bartelt continued, “The shallow aquifer is said to act as a recharger for lower aquifers posing a further problem. Some precautionary pollution control steps may have to be considered in the future.”
Starr also gave this reporter the Final Focused Feasibility Study for Landfills from November 1999. The Air Force tested for 2,3,7-8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and found the toxic compound in the surface soil in 14 out of 36 sites (page 63) and in the subsurface soil in 15 out of 40 sites (page 67).
That same day, Mason wrote that the DOD did not list Agent Orange usage at any Illinois site, and if the Air Force has the same conclusion, then “please understand where I’m coming from when I say that running a story that even suggests the possibility of something like Agent Orange being present will create a lot of confusion and concern that is not warranted, nor backed up by any evidence Illinois EPA is aware of.”

Evidence of Agent Orange at Chanute

The Air Force’s denial is a distinction without a difference. There is ample evidence the herbicide was used at Chanute, but it was not labeled as “Agent Orange” but by its chemical designation.
According to a March 1, 1979 article from the now defunct Morning Courier (Urbana, IL), 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T “are in use today and have been used since the 1950′s” at Chanute. The article continues, “During the Vietnam War, 2,4,5-T containing relatively large amounts of the toxic contaminant dioxin was used in a defoliant known as ‘Agent Orange.’  The Air Force said it is ‘safe to assume’ the contaminated herbicide was in use at Chanute during the same period.”
In an Air Force memo the Morning Courier received Jan. 30, 1979, Chanute information officers said herbicide and pesticide records were only available for 1978. A July 14, 1983 Air Force document said there was a “listing of chemicals used, quantities and treatment procedure by building (apparently pre-1975)” and “Pesticide Management Information from Base Entomology for the year 1974 (two memos and notes).” That document also mentions the state of Illinois and Chanute corresponded about “burial of hazardous waste and radioactive material, 1979.”

Steam Plant

On Sept. 4, 2013, the Rantoul Press followed up with a story about the Air Force addressing issues at a RAB meeting on the skeet (munitions) range. The story also reiterated concerns about Chanute’s chemical and uncontrolled ground water contamination and potential Agent Orange disposition. Pictures of the polluted Heritage Lake (now under village control) also accompanied the story. The story challenged the Air Force and Illinois EPA about how they will address the proper demolition and disposal of White Hall and the steam plant, both significantly large structures with asbestos, mold and other contaminants.
Both government agencies failed to provide concrete answers.
Rantoul Press manager Tim Evans and Rantoul village administrator Bruce Sandahl discouraged any further reporting on Agent Orange and Chanute’s contamination.
Dioxin from Chanute in Local Water

Air Force spokeswomen Linda Geissinger came to speak with Bob Bajek after the Nov. 21, 2013 Restoration Advisory Board meeting. Geissinger was shocked and dismayed that Bajek wanted his editors present and the ability to voice record the meeting. She cancelled the meeting following RAB member Doug Rokke’s police apprehension and WAND-TV’s interview with the Air Force’s Paul Carroll.

In September and October, this reporter kept researching various Air Force, Illinois EPA and U.S. EPA documents concerning Chanute. Linda K. May, a controversial local activist, is a nurse and former Vermilion County health inspector in 1990 and 1991. (Vermilion is directly east of Rantoul.) May alleged private wells south of Chanute contained dioxin poisoning. Minutes of a Dec. 10, 1998 RAB meeting confirmed this assertion.
According to the October 1998 RAB transcript, the private wells of rural Rantoul residents Betty Panzer (1700 E County Rd 2798 N near Landfill 3), Gretchen Clifton (1800 E County Road 2784 N near Landfill 4) and Fredrick Ackerman (1771 E County Rd 2800 N near Landfill 4) were tested by the Air Force and contaminated with dioxins and furans. Gretchen Clifton declined to be interviewed, and Fredrick Ackerman left his residence before 2003 (according to the 2003 county plat book) while no housing structure remains at the 1771 E County Rd 2800 N address.
The Air Force—through contracting labs Triangle (Durham, N.C.) and RECRA in University Park (close to Chicago)— made this discovery in October 1998, but waited until a week before the Dec. 10, 1998 RAB meeting to notify the residents. At the meeting, Clifton asked the Air Force to pay for a private, independent lab to test the water instead of the Air Force or EPA. Officials told Clifton those tests would cost $5,000 per sample and they would not pay for the tests.
Betty Panzer, now 70-years-old, moved to her property in 1993. It sits across the street from the southwestern portion of Landfill 3, where the monstrous mound looms prominently from her window hundreds of feet away. In 1994, she had a new well built with new piping as the old one dried up. The new well was 10 feet west of the old one and was free of contaminants when first tested.
However, in 1998, lab results showed dioxin, furan and sodium contamination in her drinking well. Panzer is concerned that since she has the deepest private well (150 feet) in the area, and it was contaminated, why hasn’t the Air Force tested at deeper levels with their monitoring wells.
“I am concerned since this is the deepest well in the area, and it got polluted,” Panzer said. “They don’t want to test.”
The Air Force and Illinois EPA have reported there is massive ground water contamination in the Wisconsinian aquifer (up to 60 feet below the surface) and the Illinoian aquifer, which is 60-140 feet. Panzer’s contaminated well is 150 feet deep.
The Mahomet aquifer, from which Rantoul and more than 800,000 residents in around 90 communities get their drinking water, is 220-290 feet below the ground surface.

Heritage Lake used to be a sludge pit, and absorbed chemical runoff and leachate from the landfills.

The Air Force and Illinois EPA have not tested the Mahomet aquifer and are not planning on testing it anytime soon despite the documentation of severe ground water pollution in the Wisconsinan and Illinoian aquifers.
Panzer looks much older than her age, and severe illnesses ravage her weakening body. She has lost her ability to walk and, if she gets to her walker, she slowly moves while hunched over. Panzer said she has a rash on her body and feels so weak that she’s fallen numerous times in January and “might have broken my nose” from one fall. Her doctor gave her a cardiogram and wants to administer an echocardiogram. He is worried about her heart.
Back in 1998, two of her dogs died, an Australian shepherd and a sheltie, and her daughter (who lived at the Rantoul residence until 1999) developed skin cancer, requiring half her nose to be amputated. Back in 1998, Panzer became very sick herself and could not fight off infections.
Panzer got skin cancer that she said went into remission “in 2006 or 2007.” She feels the Air Force and Illinois EPA are not doing a good job of safely addressing environmental concerns.
It does not help, Panzer said, that Rantoul and its residents want Chanute and its symbolic shadow to fade into the history books. ”They just want to be able to get businesses here and not think anything is wrong,” Panzer said.
Panzer maintains the Illinois EPA promised to come to her residence “one or two times a year” to check her well, but no one has come “in the last 10 years or so.” She also stopped attending RAB meetings and asking the Air Force and Illinois EPA questions because “I felt intimidated because it seemed way over my head.”

The Government and Media Cover-Up

The Rantoul Press withdrew this reporter’s Freedom of Information Act request to the Illinois EPA on Dec. 3 about communication among the various agencies about environmental problems at Chanute. The Natural Resources News Service reapplied for the same FOIA material and received a reply on Dec. 24 about emails or memos concerning Chanute, Agent Orange, dioxin and various Illinois EPA workers from Oct. 15 to Dec. 9, 2013. The 338 pages of emails show constant communication among the Air Force, Illinois EPA and Chicago Brick & Iron, the Air Force contractor (formerly Shaw Environmental), about how to contain information about Agent Orange on Chanute.
The Illinois EPA is supposed to oversee the Air Force. Up to eight Illinois EPA officers were copied on the FOIA request.
On Oct. 16, Andrew Mason (Illinois EPA public relations) emailed high profile members of the Illinois government including Susan Hofer (Department of Financial and Professional Regulation), Kelly Jakubek (Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services spokeswoman), Ryan Yantis (Department of Veteran Affairs), Melaney Arnold (Illinois Department of Public Health spokeswoman), Glenn “Mike” Chrisman (Illinois National Guard) and Mike Claffey (Torture Inquiry and Relief Commission) and told them about Agent Orange being brought up in August and how  he “…convinced TV stations to not run a story, but a rookie reporter with the Rantoul Press continued on…” and had a link to the story. The email was under “high importance” and its subject line was “Potential Veterans/Environmental Scam.” Mason then emailed Illinois State Police spokeswoman Monique Bond an hour later about the situation and said, “I briefed Illinois EPA counsel on it, too, …” and also forwarded the email to Grant Klinzman (Deputy Press Secretary of Gov. Pat Quinn).
Chris Hill, the Illinois EPA project manager at Chanute, and other Illinois EPA officials wanted to quickly update its Chanute site page after the Oct. 15 informational meeting and before the Nov. 21 RAB meeting to make it appear Chanute’s problems were in the past. There were three site summary updates from 1998-2010, but there have been three in 2013 alone. For an EPA site summary to be updated, it has to go through legal counsel.

Bob Carson works for the Illinois EPA’s Bureau of Land National Priority List and Federal Facilities units. Carson put Illinois EPA’s Chanute manager Chris Hill on a gag order from speaking to Bob Bajek.

Bob Carson, Illinois EPA National Priority Unit and Federal Facilities Unit manager, emailed Mason on Oct. 17 and said Hill talked to Ware and said “we believe they (Illinois Department of Public Health) interpreted the dioxin detections to be lab error. The Air Force did provide bottled water to some residents for a period of time, until they were able to verify that Chanute contamination was not present in their wells.” Carson did not mention the Air Force supplied bottled water for five to six years.
Carson also emailed Clarence Smith, Hill and Jay Timm on Oct. 17 under the subject head “RE: Rantoul Allegations” that “the information the Village provided to the Rantoul Press will hopefully blunt or stop the newspaper article. Time will tell” followed by a line redaction.

The Pressure Worked on Local Newspaper

Rantoul Press’ Dave Hinton and Tim Evans did delete the dioxin contaminated wells from the article, even though it was supported in Air Force and U.S. EPA and Illinois EPA documents.
Debra Rawlings is a former Rantoul Press reporter who covered the RAB and then became a RAB member. She wrote a letter to the editor on Sept. 11 in response to the Sept. 4 story on possible contaminants at Heritage Lake. On Oct. 18, Carson emailed five Illinois EPA employees saying, “Although our site summary won’t be ready until the end of Friday or early Monday… (three line redaction) letter to the edito (sic) regarding the article on Heritage Lake helped get some of the facts in front of the RP’s readers.”
On Oct. 19, Carson emailed Carroll and said “my intent is to respond to Mr. Bajek in writing and not participate in an oral interview” and Carson told Clarence Smith on Nov. 7, “We briefed Andrew (Mason) and he suggested offering Bajek an opportunity to submit his questions via e-mail.” Both organizations from that time on refused to conduct oral interviews unless at a RAB meeting.
On Oct. 21, the Air Force and Illinois EPA worked together on a media statement about dioxin contaminated private wells, even though the Illinois EPA is supposed to exercise oversight of the Air Force. The directions have seven redacted lines. Both agencies went back and forth for several emails and most of the communication is redacted.

Rantoul Mayor Chuck Smith said he called former Chanute airman Michael Glasser, but Glasser said that wasn’t the truth. Smith fired Rantoul Village Administrator Bruce Sandahl on Feb. 28, but wouldn’t disclose why to the public.

On Oct. 22, Rantoul village administrator Bruce Sandahl forwarded Carson and Carroll an email from the former airman, Michael Glasser, who had alleged Agent Orange contamination at the base, that stated he wanted to interview Sandahl and Rantoul Mayor Chuck Smith for his documentary on Chanute. The email said both officials did not agree to an interview. Smith told the Rantoul Press for the first Agent Orange story on Aug. 28 that he called Glasser, while Sandahl said he wanted to go “through the proper channels.”
“They are both lying (as no calls were made),” Glasser said in November.
On Nov. 14, Illinois EPA Chanute Project manager Hill emailed Carson saying, “Paul Carroll is bringing in a seasoned public affairs person from McClellan AFB (Linda Geissinger) for this meeting. We’re doing a dry run of the meeting on Wednesday afternoon and we may want to tie in, via teleconference the people from Springfield who will be attending on Thursday. did you know Clarence (Smith) is planning to attend?” Carson answered, “We need to find a plan to concisely present facts to dispel these rumors.”
Sandahl (the village administrator) on Nov. 14 emailed Carroll, asking him to come to the Rantoul Food Hub initiative “to talk about the soil environmental conditions that I briefly discussed with you and Chris Hill? (sic) Because of Doug Rokke and some articles in the news a couple of months ago, some people are nervous about growing vegetables anywhere on Chanute. I think we can make a good public relations initiative out of this.” The public relations comment was redacted on another email. (Rokke is the RAB member who had spoken publicly about the possibility of Agent Orange being on the base.)
Hill emailed Richard Breckenridge (Illinois EPA Agricultural and Rural Affairs Advisor) and Carson on Nov. 15 saying he, the Air Force and Chanute contractors will meet with Sandahl on the Rantoul Food Hub initiative meeting on Nov. 20.
Clarence Smith emailed four Illinois EPA employees that “she (Geissinger) would like to talk with Andrew (Mason) prior to the RAB meeting on Thursday.”
Clarence Smith again emailed Illinois EPA members that Hill was working most of Nov. 19 with Carroll “on how to provide the Rantoul Press with information about the former installation.”
On Nov. 21 at 9:20 a.m., Clarence Smith emailed Mason, Carson, Hill and Scott Philips about needing a phone number so he and others could be in the meeting between “the Air Force, Illinois EPA and the Rantoul Press reporter, Bob Bajek. … and probably the rural affairs advisor from the Lieutenant Governor’s Office (Maggie Carson).”

Chris Hill of the Illinois EPA is grabbing for Restoration Advisory Board member Doug Rokke’s backpack.

Clarence Smith after the Nov. 21 meeting emailed Phillips, Mason, Carson, Hill and Timm and described his account of the meeting. He stated, “The meeting was charged at the beginning with Mr. Bob Bajek … badgering most everyone with the Air Force prior to the meeting.” He went on to say that Rawlings “presented factual information” on Rokke that “publically humiliated and discredited” him.
The email continued, saying Smith called the Rantoul Police Department (RPD) when Rokke left the room. Sandahl “also contacted the RPD regarding Mr. Rokke’s behavior” with seven cops coming to the meeting.
Smith made the call “instinctively and individually out of an abundance of caution based on observed behavior.” Smith called Sandahl around 4 p.m., and “he (Sandahl) indicated that he had just finished the debriefing with his Chief of Police (Paul Farber) came on the incident…. Mr. Sandahl went further to state that in his debriefing with the Rantoul Police that the discussion indicated that the situation could have had a much more disastrous outcome.”
On Feb. 7, both Farber and Sandahl denied Sandahl made a call to the Rantoul Police Department concerning Rokke. Farber said Clarence Smith had “erroneous information.” The Illinois EPA spokeswoman Kim Biggs on Feb. 14 said she did not know why Clarence Smith would say that and “couldn’t speak for him” and “are you trying to make Clarence look bad? What’s your angle here?”
Sandahl was fired by Rantoul Mayor Chuck Smith on Feb. 28, “citing personnel regulations,” by the Rantoul Press.
The Illinois EPA on Jan. 22 denied another Natural Resources News Service FOIA request for emails or memos about Chanute, dioxin, Agent Orange and various people from Aug. 15 – Oct. 14. Illinois EPA FOIA officer Tom Reuter stated that the 663 emails and any attachments would be “extremely time-consuming” to collect, “and would place an undue burden on the Illinois EPA FOIA staff.”
The Natural Resources News Service is submitting a request to the Public Access Counselor of the Office of the Attorney General to challenge Illinois EPA’s FOIA denial.
Many people interviewed and consulted for this story have voiced concerns that controversy over the landfill in the nearby community of Clinton – there is concern about PCBs from the Clinton Landfill potentially contaminating the Mahomet aquifer over time – is a distraction by the Illinois EPA from the real issue about how the Mahomet aquifer could be contaminated by Chanute and a danger to the Village of Rantoul’s water supply.
The Mahomet aquifer supplies water to around 750,000 – 800,000 people from dozens of Central Illinois communities, with the population expected to grow to 900,000 in 2020. The region is also worried about how population growth could increase the Mahomet aquifer’s usage by 68 percent by 2050, most likely causing a water shortage.

Chanute’s Controversial Cleanup Funds

The Air Force’s cleanup efforts at Chanute have been underfunded, and there are wide discrepancies in how much the Air Force has actually spent on environmental remediation. In May 2013, that figure was reported as $100 million. Back in 2006, it was $110 million. In 2001, the Rantoul Press reported that Rantoul would receive $100 million for a project that was estimated to cost $230 million.
Leaking underground storage tanks (many leaked chemicals) were removed before base closure, while deteriorating asbestos-insulated steam lines in the OU-2 area were removed in 2009.
Three of the four landfills were not capped until 2003-04, and the last not until 2011. The Air Force completed leachete collection systems designed to prevent water that has come into contact with contaminants at Landfills 1-3 from reaching Salt Fork Creek. However, only the Landfill 2 leachete collection system is online.
In January 2006, the Air Force and a consultant, International Risk Group LLC, disagreed about how much it would cost to finish a proper environmental restoration at Chanute. The Air Force estimated $50 million, while IRG estimated it would take $100-$130 million. IRG did not get the contract.
In a May 10, 2007 News-Gazette article, Illinois EPA federal site remediation manager Clarence Smith said the DOD money was going towards the Iraq War instead of Chanute. That was not a coincidence.
“Budgetarily, it is clear that Air Force dollars for the cleanup are getting scarce,” Smith said. “The United States war effort is soaking up a lot of cleanup dollars. It’s tough all over.” Smith continued by saying he believed the Air Force ineffectively went about Chanute’s environmental remediation during peacetime when “money was more plentiful.”
In September 2008, the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry reported that tests confirm the landfills contain “a variety of inorganic and organic contaminants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), herbicides, dioxins/furans and metals.”
In December 2008, Shaw Environmental Inc. (which merged with Chicago Brick & Iron in 2013) signed a performance-based contract worth $38.7 million to finish the cleanup by September 2016. In the early 1970s, Landfill 4 received residential garbage, shop wastes, and construction/demolition debris, according to the Illinois EPA. Shaw consolidated and capped Landfill 4, removed the asbestos-laden steam lines and closed some CERCLA sites. Despite this, the interim Record of Decision for the Landfills and the BCT Oct. 1, 2005 project deadline, these are the only signed scheduled cleanups for Chanute.
The U.S. EPA’s withdrew as an overseer in 2010 because Chanute was not on the National Priorities List, delegating oversight duties solely to the Illinois EPA. The Illinois EPA fails to exercise oversight of the Air Force and DOD. Clearly, all the government agencies – federal, state and local – responsible for the environmental integrity of Chanute have cozy relationships.
Rantoul is one of hundreds of communities across the United States and around the world that is forced to deal with the aftermath of a heavily polluted military installation. These abandoned bases have left toxic environmental and economic legacies that government officials would rather deny than restore.
A documented environmental history of Chanute Air Force available here.